Rome (Caesar in Gaul)

Although total victory over Carthage in 148-149BC has ensured their continued rise to dominance, Rome continues to be shaken by conflict on the Italian Peninsular itself. Hannibal’s invasion was a deep wound, not easily forgotten, and there remain constant threats from neighbouring Celtic and Germanic tribes. Although Gaius Marius checked both the Cimbri and Teutones’ migrations of 113-101BC, stabilising Gaul somewhat in the process, the legions have suffered many bitter defeats. In addition, Rome is once again stricken with internal turmoil. The Social Wars and the Civil Wars of Sulla and Marius, coupled with the Third Servile War led by Spartacus, have reminded the Roman People exactly how fragile peace on ‘home soil’ is.

It is against this backdrop that Julius Caesar begins his conquest of Gaul, having obtained the proconsulship of both Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum through the support of Pompey and Crassus. These three allies have risen and consolidated their political power over the preceding decade, becoming known to their political opponents as the ‘three-headed monster’.

Following the utter defeat of the Roman-backed Aedui tribe by a coalition of Celtic and German tribes, the fate of Gaul hangs in the balance once again. Pressured by the Suebi from across the Rhine, the migration of the hemmed-in Helvetii is just the opportunity Caesar needs to gain both military victories and the greater political power he seeks.